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- Tyranny, "Blue" Gene. n.d.. "Review: John Chowning: Phone [sic] (1980–1981) / Turenas (1972) / Stria (1977)/ Sabelithe (1971)". Allmusic website . (ja)
- Anon. 2001. "Artificial Voice", translated by Niiki Halpern. Ircam Centre Pompidou archive from 15 July 2007, accessed 26 March 2015). (ja)
- Chowning, John M. 1973. "The Synthesis of Complex Audio Spectra by Means of Frequency Modulation". Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 7, no. 21:526–34. (ja)
- Mattis, Olivia. 2001. "Chowning, John M". The New Grove Dictionary of Music andMusicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. (ja)
- Johnstone, Robert. 1994. "https://www.academia.edu/2680140/The_sound_of_one_chip_clapping_Yamaha_and_FM_synthesis" (ja)
- Nelson, Andrew J. 2015. The Sound of Innovation: Stanford and the Computer Music Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (ja)
- Schottstaedt, Bill. N.d. "An Introduction To FM – Bill Schottstaedt: "John Chowning tells me that he stumbled on FM when he sped up vibrato to the point that it was creating audible sidebands (perceived as a timbral change) rather than faster warbling (perceived as a frequency change)." (ja)
- Tyranny, "Blue" Gene. n.d.. "Review: John Chowning: Phone [sic] (1980–1981) / Turenas (1972) / Stria (1977)/ Sabelithe (1971)". Allmusic website . (ja)
- Anon. 2001. "Artificial Voice", translated by Niiki Halpern. Ircam Centre Pompidou archive from 15 July 2007, accessed 26 March 2015). (ja)
- Chowning, John M. 1973. "The Synthesis of Complex Audio Spectra by Means of Frequency Modulation". Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 7, no. 21:526–34. (ja)
- Mattis, Olivia. 2001. "Chowning, John M". The New Grove Dictionary of Music andMusicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. (ja)
- Johnstone, Robert. 1994. "https://www.academia.edu/2680140/The_sound_of_one_chip_clapping_Yamaha_and_FM_synthesis" (ja)
- Nelson, Andrew J. 2015. The Sound of Innovation: Stanford and the Computer Music Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (ja)
- Schottstaedt, Bill. N.d. "An Introduction To FM – Bill Schottstaedt: "John Chowning tells me that he stumbled on FM when he sped up vibrato to the point that it was creating audible sidebands (perceived as a timbral change) rather than faster warbling (perceived as a frequency change)." (ja)
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